Adobe Flash Player is a software that must be installed on any machine that attempts to access Flash based content. Since Flash can be used for so many diverse things, not having Adobe Flash Player installed may prevent a user from accessing many different types of webpages and entire services. For example, the popular video sharing tycoon, YouTube, runs entirely on Flash, allowing it to include clickable links directly within a video and display similar videos when a video is over. Essentially, Flash is used to provide interactivity within media Read More

Token Ring is a local area networking system originally conceived in the late 1960s by IBM and patented in 1981, with IBM promoting its use throughout most of the 1980s. Although initially very successful, it was eventually displaced by Ethernet as the favored technology and architecture for local area networks (LAN); although IBM undertook a valiant effort to compete, this was not successful and IBM itself eventually stopped using token ring as its LAN standard. How Token Ring Works The token ring network is simple in design and conceptual operation. Read More

Active X is the name for a selection of object-oriented tools and programming technologies that were developed by Microsoft. From time to time, new versions of Active X have been released to provide support to the ever widening array of applications that are used in the home and the workplace. Active X can have an impact on applications that run quietly in the background, as well as applications that are used for online communications. What are the basic components of Active X? The single key tool within Active X is Read More

During World War II, there was a significant amount of research put into developing rocket-powered aircraft and missiles on both sides. The principles of rocket propulsion developed in this time period have served as the basis for the advancements seen in the field. These principles have taken man to the moon and are used on modern day military aircraft. Rocket propulsion systems, much like other types, rely on Newton’s third law of motion in order to generate thrust to create lift for both aircraft, rocket boosters, and missiles. Rocket Propulsion Read More

A MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a device that switches or amplifies an electronic signal. MOSFET technology has made computers much smaller and more efficient than they once were by handling large amounts of electricity in very small spaces. MOSFETs are also crucial for both digital and analog signals and are found in microprocessors, integrated circuits, and other logic-based devices. How a MOSFET Works MOSFET transistors consist of a semiconductive layer and a metal layer that oxygen separates. These layers can also be referred to as source, Read More

Telephone voltage is actually related to the physical distance at which you can operate the telephone. If the voltage is high, it can signal to great distance. However, higher voltage carries certain risks. 48 V is a compromise between distance and safety. 50-52 V is used in central office common batteries, but designations and documents still use the nominal voltage. In the 20th century, some rural areas in theU.S. used range extenders. They operated at 130 V. The goal was to achieve reliable signaling. Some of the systems used in Read More

Loop start is a a signaling technique in which a party gets a dial tone by closing (shorting) a DC current loop. In a loop start signaling system, the electrical loop between your telephone and your central office (CO) is normally open. When you pick up the telephone handset, it causes a circuit to be closed — creating a loop. Loop start signaling is normally used POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) lines and key-switch systems. The most common alternative to loop start is ground start. Advantages and Disadvantages Unlike ground Read More

A default keychain binds to an Administrator password upon creation and will continue to update when the Administrator password is updated via the Accounts menu. When someone forgets his/her password and is forced to utilize other means to reset it (See FAQ entitled: How do I reset a Mac OS X System Administrator (root) Password?), he/she will no longer be able to use any keychain that had a password bound to the lost password. Navigate to /Applications/Utilities/ Locate and double click the icon entitled Keychain access. This will launch a Read More

The global catalog is a distributed data repository that is stored in global catalog servers and issued via multimaster replication. It basically is composed of a representation (partial) of every object in the multidomain Active Directory forest that can also be searched. The global catalog is used because searches can be made faster because they don't need to go through the hassle of involving referrals to different domain controllers. In addition, the global catalog allows finding an object that you wish without needing to know the object's domain name. This Read More

A wide variety of Wi-Fi software tools are available. These tools for Wi-Fi perform functions such as: Wireless network discovery Wireless network mapping Wireless network traffic analysis Wireless network RF signal strength monitoring Wireless network encryption cracking Wireless network custom frame generation Dictionary or brute force attacks against wireless networks Denial of Service (DoS) attacks against wireless networks These Wi-Fi software tools are available for a variety of platforms: Wi-Fi Software Tools for Multiple Platforms Wi-Fi Software Tools for Windows Wi-Fi Software Tools for Unix Wi-Fi Software Tools for Mac Read More