The XOR encryption is a simple symmetric cipher that is used in many applications where security is not a defined requirement. The XOR Operator XOR (Exclusive OR) is a bitwise operator from binary mathematics. The six bitwise operators, as defined in the C programming language, are: Operation Symbol AND & Inclusive OR | Exclusive OR (XOR) ^ Right Shift >> Left Shift << Complement ~ The XOR operator returns a 1 when the value of either the first bit or the second bit is a 1. The XOR operator returns Read More

The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express card slots for the x1 devices are small and compact enough to allow an additional peripheral that can be used for low power, low bandwidth, and general additions to the computer system. A PCI express x1 video card provides access to additional graphical power to add one or more monitors to the system. Generally, a video card of this type will provide access to VGA, DVI, S-Video, VHDI, or other possible connectors for additional monitor connections.         Specialized cards that offer Read More

What is Error Code 0x000000f4? Error code 0x000000f4 occurs when a computer process, program, or critical program thread unexpectedly terminates and the computer’s Operating System can no longer function on the Microsoft Windows OS. Error code 0x000000f4 is also known as the Windows Blue Screen of Death (BSOD). This error occurs more frequently on Windows XP than it does on Vista because of the Windows OS. It typically indicates that there is a major software or hardware issue that requires attention in order to prevent the error from occurring again. Read More

WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the radio access scheme used for third generation cellular systems that are being rolled out in various parts of the globe. The 3G systems support wide band services like high speed Internet access and video and high quality image transmission with the same quality as the fixed networks. In WCDMA systems, the CDMA air interface is combined with GSM based networks. The WCDMA standard evolved through the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which aims to ensure interoperability between different 3G networks. The standard Read More

Preview: Cool Web 2.0 Logo. Step one: Open a new document. For this tutorial, I am just going to use a 810×160 px (Width, Height) document with a white background. First select the rounded rectangle from your tools window then set the radius setting to 20 px and check anti-aliased. Create a new layer and draw a #E9E9E9 colored rounded rectangle, size 80×35 px. Step two: With your step one layer add the following layer styles: Step three: Now in another new layer draw a #00B4FF colored circle standing on Read More

Business Intelligence is a broad field of study. The major thrust of business intelligence theory looks at certain factors to make high quality decisions. These factors include customers, competitors, business partners, economic environment and internal operations. Here is some more information on how these factors help businesses make quality decisions. Customers: Without customers a business can’t survive. Businesses need to sell their products and services. Business intelligence helps businesses understand their customers better, looking at their preferences, helping businesses adapt to their customers demand. Business intelligence is used to collect Read More

A dynamometer is a device that measures the power, torque, or force that is being applied to a system or object. Dynamometers also measure how much power, torque, or force is required to perform work within a system. They are used in industrial equipment in order to calculate the amount of power required to operate a machine and moderate power levels in order to prevent accidents that result from too much torque, pressure, or force being applied to an object. How Dynamometers Work Dynamometers work in several ways. The most Read More

EPROM or Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory was invented by Engr. Dov Frohman. It is a ROM-type chip that can hold data from 10-20 years. It is different from PROM because it can be programmed more than once. An EPROM programming is erased only through exposure to ultra violet light. The EPROM is configured or reconfigured using an EPROM programmer. Configuring an EPROM An EPROM is an array of columns and rows. Each intersection is called a cell and each cell has a floating gate transistor and a control gate Read More

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is a computer bus used for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. It is the most popular local I/O bus used in today. PCI provides a shared data path between the CPU and peripheral controllers in every computer models, from laptops to mainframes. Developed by the Intel Corporation, PCI first appeared in computers in 1993 and co-existed with the ISA bus for several years. It soon displaced the ISA and VESA local bus and became the standard expansion bus used in PCs. Today, most computers Read More

The Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) is the bootloader of the Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008 operating systems (OS). The computer's BIOS loads the program upon startup and will start the bootloader for the OS and other required programs. The NTLDR preceded it on older versions of the Windows OS. What Problems Can Occur with BOOTMGR? Unfortunately, the BOOTMGR may display a number of errors due to varying circumstances. Some of the common BOOTMGR errors are a result of operating system upgrade errors, corrupt hard drive sectors, a damaged Read More