In the world of business and Internet commerce, companies use a wide variety of software and services to help them collect and organize information. ETL tools, or "Extract, Transform, Load" software allow users to collect information from external sources such as databases and webpages, change the file format and organize the information to fit their needs, and then send it to the final storage device, whether it is a computer or server. Many companies use ETL tools to manage their data, especially ones that operate mostly through the Internet. In Read More

Windows Explorer is the Microsoft file management program that has been bundled with all releases of the Windows Operating System (OS) since Windows 95. Explorer provides the user interface or GUI for the end-user to access the computer's files system. The Windows OS can run without Windows Explorer being loaded, however, most Windows users have come to rely on using the helper application for day-to-day use of the computer. A common problem that arises for Windows users, is that after installation of third-party applications, the Windows Explorer application will crash. Read More

Linear amplifiers are electronic circuits that have an output that is proportional to the input of the device while providing additional power to the load. A linear amplifier is normally a variant of a radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier and is used frequently in amateur radio and in laboratory and commercial audio equipment with an output measured in watts and kilowatts. How Do Linear Amplifiers Work? Linear amplifiers can either be based on vacuum tube or solid state technology. Most of the commercially produced devices for amateur radio still use vacuum Read More

Backward Error Correction, also known as an “Automatic Repeat Request” is an error correction technique in which a receiving device sends a request to the source device to re-send information. Backward Error Correction is used in situations where some of the transmitted data has been lost or corrupted during transit and the transmitting device must resend the information in order for the receiving device to understand the transmission. Backward Error Correction is the opposite of “Forward Error Correction”, in which a transmitting device simply sends redundant information to make up Read More

In the last few decades, computer science has changed the world. People now use computers to pay their bills, talk to their friends, and virtually everything else. Because of this dependence on computers, the vast majority of computer users have opened a portal into their homes that hackers and cyber thieves can use to steal confidential information. For example, a cyber thief could easily use a keylogger, a software that tracks the user’s keyboard and/or mouse inputs, to steal the user’s bank account number and PIN, social security number, or Read More

A ground loop isolator prevents interference in a ground loop circuit. A ground loop circuit is one in which two or more circuits are connected to the same ground wire. Ideally, all circuits in a ground loop circuit have the same voltage potential. However, if the ground wire has significant resistance and current, the voltage of the second circuit will be slightly lower than the first, causing a voltage difference that makes the ground wire no longer have a ground potential. This is known as interference and can be hazardous, Read More

The question of who came about with the computer is a problematic question. There are so many claims of who invented the computer. However, it may be understood that various contributions led to the creation of the computer. There are some people who will consider the conception of the whole idea about inventing a computer as an invention. If this has to be taken into account, there are claims that the initiator of the computer was done in 1782 by J. H. Smith, although this conception never materialized. This conception Read More

Body armor is a protective piece designed to stop projectiles. Modern body armors are also known as bulletproof vests. They are used by police, the Army and private security as default vest. The name bulletproof is deceptive though, as no body armor currently available can stop all bullets. The design and materials have evolved with time. In the last century, the evolution has rocketed following the development of ammunition technology. Different Types of Body Armor Two big groups of body armors can be established, the set used by law enforcement Read More

The elements known as gallium and arsenic form gallium arsenide. It is used in the manufacture of monolithic microwave integrated circuits, microwave frequency integrated circuits, infrared light emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells, and optical windows. Chemistry of Gallium Arsenide When in the compound form, gallium has a +3 oxidation state, which means that it is a positively charged ion. To make the compound, there has to be a direct reaction between the two elements. Some of the most common industrial processes are: • Using a horizontal furnace to grow Read More

A Weber is the standard unit of magnetic flux. It is defined as the magnetic flux needed to produce one volt of electromagnetic force in one turn of wire, when the flux is constantly reduced to zero over a period of one second. The symbol for weber is Wb. History of the Weber The Weber was first defined at an international conference in 1881, and is named after Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891), a German physicist. It was later amended in 1933 to it's current definition. Measuring Webers The strength and Read More