Digital certificates are the equivalent of a driver’s license, a marriage license, or any other form of identity. The only difference is that a digital certificate is used in conjunction with a public key encryption system. Digital certificates are electronic files that simply work as an online passport. Digital certificates are issued by a third party known as a Certification Authority such as VeriSign or Thawte. These third party certificate authorities have the responsibility to confirm the identity of the certificate holder as well as provide assurance to the website Read More

Cyber warfare refers to a massively coordinated digital assault on a government by another, or by large groups of citizens. Estonia was subject to this kind of attack in 2006. The conflict apparently stemmed from a decision by the Estonian government to move a Soviet-era monument to another location, an action resented and protested against by many of the country's ethnic Russian citizens. Although the conflict had seemingly been resolved by mid-April, Estonia internet security experts were still wary about a cyber-assault. How the Estonian Cyber-Attack was Carried Out Cyber-attacks Read More

The Kelvin Scale is a thermometric scale used in physical science to describe the absolute temperature of an object, substance, or area. While Fahrenheit and Celsius scales measure temperature, the Kelvin Scale defines temperatures relative to an object’s thermodynamic movement. As a result, the Kelvin Scale does not use degrees, but simply a number followed by “K” for Kelvin. The Kelvin Scale begins at absolute zero (equivalent to -273.15° C), which is the temperature at which all objects stop moving, and ends at the triple point of water (equivalent to Read More

Surround sound is a term used mainly in conjunction with a home theater system, where sound has been digitally processed and sent to multi channels, giving you the effect of being enveloped by sound. In order to experience surround sound, you must have a few components including a home theater receiver that includes digital signal surround sound processing, surround sound speakers and media that is encoded with surround sound data. Usually the media that have surround sound data are DVD movies. Surround Sound Receivers A surround sound receiver is the Read More

As the number of home computer users creating local networks increases, so does the number of Operating Systems (OS’s) used in homes or small business. As long as the version of Windows OS running on the network is Windows XP SP2 or newer, all of the computers should be able to be linked and information shared among them on the network. Some Windows users will encounter error code 0x80070035 when attempting to access remote resources on their network. There are several ways to figure out the problem in order to Read More

The iPhone is one of the most widely purchased smart devices on the market. In the event that the iPhone is going to be sold, given away, traded in, or needs to revert to the original configuration, it may have to be restored to factory settings. The iPhone can be restored either directly from the phone itself or through the Apple iTunes application that the device is synchronized with. How to Restore an iPhone to Factory Settings from iTunes Step 1 – Ensure that the version of iTunes installed on Read More

Two of the most popular technologies that offer speedy access to the World Wide Web are DSL broadband and the cable modem. There are several reasons why this is the case and the first one is that both of these Internet connections are considerably faster than the standard dialup connections. However, when you compare the speed of data transfer between DSL and a cable modem there is a bit of variance depending on various technical aspects. Because of these variances DSL and the cable modem might have the advantage at Read More

The WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) audio format is based on a format standard designed by Microsoft and IBM designed to store audio bit streams on personal computers (PCs). The format is the primary one used on Windows computers to store uncompressed or raw audio using the linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) format. A common task that arises for consumers is to convert WAV to MP3 format in order to use the audio file(s) on portable music players that do not read the WAV format. Steps to Convert WAV to MP3 Read More

The DHCP server role is responsible for dynamically assigning IP addresses to DHCP clients, and for assigning additional TCP/IP configuration information to DHCP clients as well. This includes subnet mask information, default gateway IP addresses, Domain Name System (DNS) server IP addresses, and Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) server IP addresses. A DHCP must have at least one scope which consists of the IP addresses which the DHCP server can allocate or assign to DHCP clients. Scope information for DHCP servers is DHCP server specific. The DHCP scope includes important Read More

If you travel a lot, you probably know that it can be difficult to travel with your laptop computer. Not only is it sometimes difficult to keep it safe and secure, but laptop computers can be inconvenient to carry with you all the time. For both business travelers and casual users there may be times when you would like to rent a laptop. Today, it is extremely easy to rent a laptop for all sorts of purposes. Many businesses that hold training conferences for software and other courses, sometimes supply Read More