Management Tools for Administering Exchange Server 2003 The Active Directory Users and Computers Management Console The Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in is extended to support the management of mailbox configurations and settings. The Active Directory Users and Computers management console is the central tool used for creating and managing user account and computer account objects and configuration settings in Windows domains. Users can apply different permissions to different Exchange server objects. Permissions can be assigned at the Exchange organization level and at the Administrative Group level: Exchange Full Administrator Read More

A MAC address is an address that exists on Layer 2 of the OSI Model. Layer 2 of the OSI model is the Data Link Layer. The Data Link Layer consists of two sublayers, the Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer controls how a network node gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. MAC addresses are globally unique and are written into hardware when manufactured. For this reason, MAC addresses are sometimes called Burned In Addresses (BIA). After Read More

Mondex is a specific smart card which was developed by England’s National Westminster Bank in 1990. Its design was intended to serve as electronic cash or a virtual electronic wallet. Any amount of money can be transferred to the Mondex smart card. MasterCard international bought controlling interest in the resulting firm, Mondex International, in 1997 joining such companies as AT&T and Wells Fargo in the pursuit of this advanced technology. The design of a Mondex smart card allows end users to transfer funds electronically onto the card and then utilize Read More

The term driver refers to files that permit hardware and software programs to interface with the Windows Operating System (OS). All hardware components require a driver file in order to work properly with the Windows XP OS unless they are compatible with one of the generic driver files included with the OS. These files are normally stored on the computer’s hard drive. However, a prudent computer owner will make a backup copy of the drivers on the Windows XP OS, to make recovery from malware infection or other catastrophic computer Read More

Mozilla Firefox is a web browser that the Mozilla Foundation runs and NetScape owns, which allows users to browse the Internet, access email, and use a wide variety of plug-ins and add-ons that are not available on any other browser. Mozilla Firefox was created to provide users with more support and functionality than other web browsers could provide and is now one of the most popular web browsers in the world.   How to Delete History on Firefox Like all other web browsers, Mozilla Firefox stores the user’s web history Read More

DF files are data definition files that may have been stored in your directory or sent to you through email. The process on how to open these files remains a constant headache for most people who encounter these types of files. It doesn’t have to be that way. There are simple steps you can take to make these things simpler for you. If you don’t feel confident enough to tackle the problem on your own, you should ask the assistance of someone with technical knowledge about software and other computer-related Read More

Mossbauer Spectroscopy is a multipurpose technique that is applied in various scientific fields including Physics, Biology, and Metallurgy. It is most useful in deriving accurate data about the chemical, structural, and magnetic properties of a material. This technique exists today due to the discovery of the resonant absorption and recoil-less emission of nuclear y-rays, now known as the “Mossbauer Effect.” Rudolph Mossbauer discovered this when he was a graduate student at the Institute of Physics at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. He first observed this Read More

Understanding the Operations Master Roles Active Directory operates in a multi-master replication manner. What this means is that each domain controller in the domain holds a readable, writable replica of the Active Directory data store. In multi-master replication, any domain controller is able to change objects within Active Directory. Multi-master replication is ideal for the majority of information located in Active Directory. However, certain Active Directory functions or operations are not managed in a multi-master manner because they cannot be shared without causing some data uniformity issues. These functions are Read More

An electrical shunt is a component used to transfer currents away from parts of a circuit. Components used as shunts include the resistor, capacitor, diode, and gas discharge tube. The main uses for electrical shunts are to reduce current load in meters, filter out high frequencies, and protect circuits from surges. The term shunt is also used in other fields, such as medicine, to describe non-electrical devices that perform a bypass function. Shunt Types Shunt resistors, also called bypass resistors, are large metal components with very low resistance. They look Read More

The Video Home System (VHS) format was first developed by the JVC Company in the 1970s as a successor format to Beta Max. At the time, the format featured a longer playback time, faster video forwarding and rewind, and a simpler tape storage mechanism. The format would eventually become the predominant video format in the marketplace prior to the widespread adoption of DVDs. A common task that arises for owners of legacy content stored in this format is to convert VHS to DVD. Steps to Convert VHS to DVD Step Read More