A proxy server is one that receives requests intended for another server and that acts on the behalf of the client (as the client proxy) to obtain the requested service. It is often used when the client and the server are incompatible for direct connection. For example, the client may be unable to meet the security authentication requirements of the server but may be required to access some services. It may also be used for screening purposes to enable the administrator to control access to undesirable sites. The proxy server Read More

Windows NT, Me, and Windows XP’s Pre Service Pack 2 users sometimes experience the “Error Performing In-page Operation” error when attempting to copy files from a disk. If a user experiences this error while trying to access a disk that  he/she inserted into the computer’s floppy, CD, or DVD drive, the error is likely related to  the disk having physical issues. Operating system paging operations are not at fault despite the working of the error. This error can also be triggered while accessing data that is stored on a local Read More

A CMOS (Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor) inverter is a device that produces logic functions and is the primary component of all integrated circuits. A CMOS inverter is a field-effect transistor that is composed of a metal gate that lies on top of an insulating layer of oxygen, which lies on top of a semiconductor. CMOS inverters are found in most electronic devices and are responsible for producing data within small circuits. How CMOS Inverters Work CMOS inverters work like most other types of field-effect transistors, but depend on a layer of Read More

The Microsoft Windows Operating System (OS) is one of the most widely deployed operating systems in the world. Microsoft upgrades the OS every two to four years in order to bring the latest functionality, features, and security upgrades to the end-user. Unfortunately, each new version of Windows does not prove to be compatible or supported by the hardware users attempt to install the upgrade. This can be for a number of reasons from insufficient RAM to not enough available hard drive space resident on the user's computer. A common task Read More

Printing envelopes is neater than writing the individual envelope out, faster if there are many envelopes needed, and cheaper than having to buy labels to put on each envelope. Because of this, often times, it is incredibly advantageous to simply print the envelopes. To do it, all you need is Microsoft Word, the envelope size of your choice and then a printer that can handle the different sized paper. In Microsoft Word, click the mailings tab near the top. Then, all the way to the left, there is a button Read More

Most people that use MSN take advantage of its book marking feature called MSN Favorites. MSN users who come across a great website can easily save the address to visit it later with a simple mouse click. One way in which MSN goes beyond the traditional browser favorites feature is that it allows users to easily save their favorites, even when they are not on their own computers (e.g. work computer). While MSN Favorites has received high marks for its service, it can be quite difficult to export one’s MSN Read More

A Nickel-Cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery that is often used instead of other common rechargeable batteries, such as Lithium-Ion batteries and Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries. Nickel-Cadmium batteries were once the most popular type of rechargeable battery, but have battled with other rechargeable batteries over the years concerning price and applications due to the high cost of cadmium and its potential health hazards. Nickel-Cadmium batteries now sell for about the same price as other types of rechargeable batteries, but are widely used for different purposes. While other types of Read More

Linear bearings are a type of free motion enabling assemblage that operates in a single dimension. They are used in a wide variety of applications. Most linear bearings need to use a precision shafting and a lubrication system to run efficiently. There are both motorized and non-motorized versions of the linear bearings. There are two main sub-categories of linear bearings: Rolling Element Slide – Rolling element linear bearings are designed with rolling elements to aid in sliding movement. The movement is achieved with a lower friction that the rolling elements, Read More

The military alphabet, or more properly the phonetic alphabet, exists in innumerable variants. If any military alphabet can be viewed as the most correct, it is the current NATO standard military alphabet. However, even with the NATO standard military alphabet, various member nations use numerous spelling variations. This version of the military alphabet is also known as the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) code. The NATO Standard Military Alphabet This chart shows the current NATO standard military alphabet: Letter NATO A Alpha B Bravo C Charlie D Delta E Echo Read More

SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and it is used to transfer e-mail messages between computers. It is a text based protocol in which message text is specified along with the recipients of the message. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a 'push' protocol and it cannot be used to 'pull' the messages from the server. A procedure of queries and responses is used to send the message between the client and the server. An end user's e-mail client or the relaying server's Mail Transport Agents can act as Read More