Cryptanalysis is the science of making encrypted data unencrypted. Cryptanalysts Practitioners of cryptanalysis are known as cryptanalysts. Cryptanalysis in Context A cryptographer will use cryptography to convert plaintext into ciphertext and a cryptanalyst will use cryptanalysis to attempt to turn that ciphertext back into plaintext. Both the cryptographer and the cryptanalyst are cryptologists. Cryptography and cryptanalysis are the two sides of cryptology.

Kerberos is a network authentication protocol which utilizes symmetric cryptography to provide authentication for client-server applications. Kerberos Standard Definition Kerberos is defined in RFC 1510 – The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5). Kerberos Architecture The core of  Kerberos architecture is the KDC (Key Distribution Server). The KDC stores authentication information and uses it to securely authenticate users and services. This authentication is called secure because it: Does not appear as plaintext Does not rely on authentication by the host operating system Does not base trust on IP addresses Does not Read More

With the waves of modern society come waves of modern technology. One of these waves can be seen by the ever-popular, ever-expanding MP4 technology that has swept the globe in recent years. Invented in 2003, MP4 files have been used ever since to create some of the greatest motion pictures and music portfolios of all time. With those files, however, comes the need for media players to play them. To help the reader learn more about MP4 files and the media players that play them, this article will be split Read More

Uninstalling Internet Explorer because it is giving problems or for any other reason is a relatively simple task. How to Uninstall Internet Explorer Click the “Start” button on the desktop’s bottom left hand corner. Double click “Control Panel.” The Control Panel window will open and display a variety of tasks. Double click “Add or Remove Programs.” The “Add or Remove Programs” window opens and displays a list of programs on the computer. Find the version of “Internet Explorer” that is installed on the computer. Click it once to highlight it. Read More

Error 1706 is a Microsoft error that is sometimes generated when you install a Windows package from some form of removable data. Examples of removable data would be a CD-ROM or a DVD. Typically, the exact text of Error 1706 will include the phrase "no valid source could be found." How Did The Problem Occur? One of the usual causes of this problem is that the Windows Installer or MSI file is not residing in the root folder of the media that is found on the removable data. This does Read More

The trick to beating a lie detector test is understanding how one works. A polygraph is a device that you are "hooked up" to in an effort to keep track of your pulse and your breathing. What a lie detector does is notice changes in one's breathing and heart rate depending on a question that is asked. For example, a person might lie about where they were the night before and the heart rate would increase or the breathing would change. However, for the polygraph examiner to know that your Read More

Ocean currents are one of the main factors that affect climate. Other factors are proximity from the equator, distance from the sea, direction of prevailing winds and relief (mountains). But, for the most part, ocean currents act as one of the most important factors that influence the climate. And the reason why is because a current is water that travels. With that traveling water comes heat. The best example of a current is the Gulf Stream. This is a current of water that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and Read More

A runtime error is a computer error that appears in the form of a message box consisting of a particular code along with its corresponding definitions. Usually, a user will notice that the computer becomes noticeably slow before a runtime error appears. After the runtime error message has been displayed and closed, the software that shows this error normally closes or freezes. In some cases, the operating system reboots. A wide variety of errors cause these problems. These include: conflicts between the TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident Program) currently running Read More

With the growing ubiquity of wi-fi access, finding a hotspot is becoming easier by the day. However, users who are travelling or have changed equipment may encounter difficulty in finding a hotspot. There are several directories and apps that users can look to for solutions. Users should first check their device settings, to ensure that the device is set to search for all local Wi-Fi signals available. Many merchants, restaurants, and hotels now provide complimentary and/or free Wi-Fi access to their patrons and adjoining public spaces, as well as most Read More

Facebook is designed for various purposes, including social networking, communications and gaming. This combination of functions makes Facebook popular with people of all ages. The target audience has shifted from college students to teenagers, middle aged and even elderly. The Facebook website concept was originally “FaceMash”. It started in 2003 and then evolved into “TheFacebook” which made a great success in a short period of time. It shortened the name to simply Facebook.com. The Importance of Social Networking The concept of Facebook was originally very simple. It was designed to allow people Read More