The case is the metal “box” that all the computer parts fit inside. It provides protection and the ability to customize the case. Larger cases leave room for expansion such as extra hard drives or R/W drives. There are three main types of cases: Pizza Box Case This is a thin case used mainly for network stations. They are usually seen in an office or at school. Desktop Case Usually sits horizontally on the desk. It is not as compact as the pizza box case, but has more room for Read More

A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. A race condition is of interest to a hacker when the race condition can be utilized to gain privileged system access. Consider the following code snippet which illustrates a race condition: if(access("/tmp/datafile",R_OK)==0){ fd=open("/tmp/datafile process(fd); close(fd); This code creates the temporary file /tmp/datafile and then opens it. The potential race condition occurs between the call to access() and the call Read More

Bitmap images are a map or a collection of individually colored, minute dots or pixels (picture elements) that are arrayed in a matrix or grid. Since each individual pixel is too small for the naked eye to perceive without the help of magnification, an array of these pixels forms a perceivably smooth graphic image. Resizing Bitmap Images The quality of a bitmap image depends mainly on its resolution, which is the number of dots or pixels per inch of space. Therefore, resizing bitmap images result in poorer image quality. Decreasing Read More

A plastic injection molding machine or injection press is a device that melts plastics and materials made from other polymers, and injects them into a mold. Plastic injection molding machines are most often used to recycle plastic, but are also the primary device responsible for producing plastic objects in the first place. They use a technique known as injection molding and mold a wide variety of materials, despite the name. How a Plastic Injection Molding Machine Works Plastic injection molding machines’ plastic production processes may vary, but they all include Read More

Everyone likes safety. The safety of confidential information is always of special concern. Therefore, information protection is a necessity and can be useful to companies and individuals who care about their intellectual property’s confidentiality. People who want their e-mails kept confidential and their e-mail attachments readable only to the intended recipient can appreciate information protection. GnuPG Shell is a software tool that keeps information safe by using the strong protection that OpenPGP standard offers (RFC2440). GnuPG Shell is a cross platform graphical front end for GNU Privacy Guard. GnuPG Shell Read More

Most TV buyers are looking for the highest quality picture possible. For those shopping for a TV there is a controversy brewing about which is better 1080p or 1080i. However, the truth of the matter is that for most people both of these formats will deliver the same quality picture. Here is why. 1080i and 1080p Both 1080i and 1080p deliver the same pixel resolution. The resolution is 1,920 pixels across the display screen by 1,080 pixels down the display screen. Since both formats offer the same resolution, the only Read More

Over the years there have been many versions of DOS, including PC-DOS, MS-DOS, DR-DOS, and 4DOS. Although DOS is not used frequently any more, the DOS commands are still available in the Microsoft Windows XP command shell. Listed below are the commands for the DOS command shell included with Microsoft Windows XP. DOS Commands ASSOC Displays or modifies file extension associations Syntax ASSOC [.ext[=[fileType]]] .ext – Specifies the file extension to associate the file type with fileType – Specifies the file type to associate with the file extension Type ASSOC Read More

IPX/SPX is a protocol suite that is implemented on many corporate internetworks. IPX/SPX was developed to operate in Novell Netware in LAN environment. But today, the IPX/SPX is also used in Microsoft NT, Microsoft XP and Lotus Notes environment along with Vista. IPX/SPX on Cisco IOS The Cisco IOS also provides a wide range of configuration tools and options for IPX/SPX protocol suite. The Cisco IPX/SPX router configuration tools are very much similar with Cisco IP router configuration. Some of them are listed: The Cisco IOS provides static route support Read More

The Windows XP Recovery Console can be used to repair problems which prevent a Windows XP system from booting. Boot Windows XP from CD or Floppy First, boot the computer from the Microsoft Windows XP CD. Before you start the process, go into your BIOS settings and ensure that your CD-ROM drive has the highest drive priority and not the disk drive or some other drive. If you don’t have a Microsoft Windows XP CD, or if the computer you are working on does not have a CD drive, you Read More

Whether you want to change the password on your own computer at home, office computer, or a computer that’s networked with other users, you can easily customize your Windows settings to protect specific files and folders from others either viewing or editing them. Creating or changing the windows password is very simple. It should be noted that changing your password on Windows will differ, depending on whether you are on a stand alone computer or a computer that is connected to a network domain (workgroup). Change your Windows password on Read More