Laser hair removal, as its name suggests, is using a laser to remove any hair that is unwanted. The majority of the process is done with a thin light beam of laser passing through the area of the skin that is being treated. Within the skin, specifically the dark pigment, also known as the melanin and often found in hairs, is targeted. This process literally hits the hair follicle (the root of where the hair grows). The contact results in the hair follicle being destroyed. Usually, this process results merely Read More

Quasars are a phenomena that, to this day, continue to baffle and confuse astronomers. There are different theories. One is that a quasar is formed from a super, massive black hole. Another theory is that a quasar is actually a baby galaxy and is at the earliest stages of development. However, since no one really knows what galaxy development is, there is no way to tell if this theory is sound. Other theorists propose that a quasar is the opposite of a black hole and it is allowing new matter Read More

The shielding effect refers to an atomic phenomenon that causes electrons further out from an atom’s nucleus to experience less attraction than electrons closer to the nucleus due to the effects of other electrons. Because of this, atoms tend to align their electrons in order of attraction, with the electrons that experience the most attraction closer to the nucleus and electrons that experience the least attraction further from the nucleus.   How the Shielding Effect Works An atom consists of a nucleus that is made up of a cluster of Read More

A hydraulic excavator (digger) is a large vehicle that is designed for excavation and demolition purposes. Hydraulic excavators consist of a chassis, boom, and bucket, and move via tracks or wheels. They range in size and function, an example of which is the similar but smaller “mini excavator.” All versions are generally designed for the same purposes. Hydraulic excavators weigh between 3,000 and 2 million pounds and their speed ranges between 19 HP and 4,500 HP. How Does A Hydraulic Excavator Work? Hydraulic excavators are entirely dependent on hydraulic systems. Read More

A chalkboard can be made of many different things. To begin with, a chalk board can be made of black or grey stone slate. However, these are very basic chalkboards that are not really used. The modern day chalkboard, however, is still something used to this day and is created by taking taking porcelain enamel and attaching it to very durable steel to act as a base. This creates the green chalkboard that many students are used to seeing in classrooms. How is a Chalkboard Made? The first step in Read More

Linear interpolation refers to the straight lines connecting any geometric coordinates together. Linear interpolation is used to keep track of ordered coordinates and analyze a given space’s total area and perimeter. While linear interpolation can be used to determine the exact angles of two or more coordinates, it is rarely used in practical applications. However, linear interpolation is often used in situations that require accurate measurements of a given space.   How Linear Interpolation Works Linear interpolation is determined by the equations:         Where the first equation Read More

Body armor is a protective piece designed to stop projectiles. Modern body armors are also known as bulletproof vests. They are used by police, the Army and private security as default vest. The name bulletproof is deceptive though, as no body armor currently available can stop all bullets. The design and materials have evolved with time. In the last century, the evolution has rocketed following the development of ammunition technology. Different Types of Body Armor Two big groups of body armors can be established, the set used by law enforcement Read More

The elements known as gallium and arsenic form gallium arsenide. It is used in the manufacture of monolithic microwave integrated circuits, microwave frequency integrated circuits, infrared light emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells, and optical windows. Chemistry of Gallium Arsenide When in the compound form, gallium has a +3 oxidation state, which means that it is a positively charged ion. To make the compound, there has to be a direct reaction between the two elements. Some of the most common industrial processes are: • Using a horizontal furnace to grow Read More

A beta particle is a form of ionizing radiation. Beta particles are closely related to other types of radiation such as gamma rays and alpha particles. In more scientific terms, a beta particle is a high-speed electron (and sometimes positron) that has been released from a degenerative radioactive nucleus. Beta particles are low mass and medium-energy and are one of the least-damaging types of radiation. Beta particles do, however, pose a large health risk. They contain the following: carbon-14, tritium, technetium-99, potassium-40, and strontium-90. What Are Beta Particles? Beta particles Read More

Aggregate concrete is a polymer concrete that is made of aggregates such as limestone, granite, silica, quartz, or a combination of these minerals. Aggregate concrete differs from cement in that it contains many different mineral rocks that protrude from its surface, while a cement surface is smooth. While cement is simply mixed together and applied to a surface, aggregate concrete must be properly prepared and applied so that the aggregates bond to the polymer. Because of this, the aggregates must be dry, clean, and made of a strong material. When Read More