Modern technology has provided us with many things over the past few years, one of which is optical networking. By using optical networking, individuals and organizations alike are able to stay connected to the world much more efficiently and with faster data transfer rates than ever before. Fiber optics have revolutionized the world of communication, business, and entertainment in ways that we could not have possibly conceived of a decade ago. In this article, we will discuss optical networking, how it works, and various types of optical networks. What is Read More

A PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller is a device that makes changes to a system based on current and intended settings. PID controllers are used in a wide variety of industrial control systems and are the most commonly used feedback controllers in the world. PID controllers allow users to obtain and/or maintain preferred conditions within a system by modifying a variable input until preferred conditions are reached. How a PID Controller Works PID controllers rely on three main elements: the process variable, the setpoint, and the manipulated variable. The process Read More

The Unix sort command is a command for the Unix family of operating systems. It is designed to sort whatever information you give it. The command can be used for a variety of purposes, but it is most frequently employed when there are a number of different files which need to be ordered in some particular way. When the command is executed, the files which were sorted will be printed to the screen in an easy to view box with the files sorted per your instructions. Using the Unix sort Read More

Tar refers to a tape archiving file format and the program that creates them. Tar stands for tape archive. It combines multiple files together so that they can be used for programs, applications, and critical system files. While Tar does not directly install files to a user’s hard drive, it is responsible for compiling the files together so that they can be transferred from one computer to another while preserving important information such as directory structures, user permissions, and dates. Tar can be used on its own to archive and/or Read More

SAML is the Security Assertion Markup Language. SAML is a derivative of XML which is designed for the exchange of authentication and authorization data. The purpose of SAML is to enable Single Sign-On for web applications. SAML utilizes TLS to ensure the confidentiality of authentication and authorization data during transit. SAML Standards SAML is defined by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). saml-conformance-2.0-os Conformance Requirements saml-core-2.0-os Assertions and Protocols saml-bindings-2.0-os Bindings saml-profiles-2.0-os Profiles saml-metadata-2.0-os Metadata saml-authn-context-2.0-os Authentication Context saml-sec-consider-2.0-os Security and Privacy Considerations saml-glossary-2.0-os SAML Glossary Read More

The PCL XL error is most commonly associated with HP LaserJet printers. The error occurs when several pages are sent from a document to the printer’s print queue. The printer displays this error message if the printer’s driver has become outdated or corrupted from operating system (OS) updates or conflicting third-party software being installed on the computer. HP has identified the problem printer drivers for most of their printers that display the PCL XL error. They have released updated programs that can be downloaded and installed for free on the Read More

NTLDR stands for New Technology Loader, and it is a program that is usually loaded from the hard drive boot sector. It is used to display the Microsoft Windows NT startup menu, and it helps load Microsoft Windows NT. "NTLDR is missing" is an error that prevents Windows from starting up, and a number of factors can cause this error. The procedure to fix this error depends on its cause. Here are some of the known causes and their solutions: Computer is booting from a nonbootable source – One of Read More

An air exchanger is a device that transfers stale air from inside a home to outside, and fresh air from outside to the inside. Air exchangers are often large and built directly into a home’s foundation in order to provide maximum fresh air levels at all times. This is important because indoor air is often five times more polluted than outside air, in both urban and rural areas. Also, energy is often wasted and heating/cooling costs high as doors and windows are often left open in order to freshen the Read More

Digital projectors convert an analog or digital video signal into a corresponding image on a projection screen using a complex assembly of lens and high intensity lighting. Digital projectors rely upon a very bright light to project the resulting image on the screen. Modern projectors can smooth any curves, reduce blurriness, and offer increased sharpness, all hallmarks of digital technology. Digital video projectors have extensive use in a variety of places like conference room presentations, classroom training, and home theatre applications. The quality of the projected image is measured in Read More

ISDN 30 is a type of Integrated Service Digital Network system that is used for the transmission of voice and data over wires. ISDN 30 is one of the most economical and efficient communication systems. It is used in medium as well as large businesses. Through ISDN 30, business organizations and call centers can get high speed Internet connections at very economical rates. ISDN 30 connections can be obtained from the local telephone exchange. The speed that it provides may vary; the maximum is two Mbps. ISDN 30 consists of Read More