IS-54 and IS-136 are standards for TDMA American Digital Cellular. Mobile Frequency Range Rx: 869-894; Tx: 824-849 Multiple Access Method TDMA/FDM Duplex Method FDD Number of Channels 832 (3 users per channel) Channel Spacing 30Khz Modulation DQPSK Channel Bit Rate 48.6Kb IS-54 and IS-136: TDMA Security IS-54 and IS-136 use the CAVE (Cellular Authentication, Voice Privacy and Encryption) algorithm for authentication and the CMEA (Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm) for encryption. CAVE and CMEA are documented in Common Cryptographic Algorithms and Interface Specification for Common Cryptographic Algorithms. David Wagner, Bruce Schneier Read More

MD5 is a message digest algorithm. MD5 takes a variable length input and produces a 128-bit message digest. MD5 was designed by Ron Rivest in 1991. MD5 is officially defined in RFC 1321 – The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. MD5 Usage MD5 is used in many applications, including GPG, Kerberos, TLS / SSL, Cisco type 5 enable passwords, and RADIUS. Software Implementations of MD5 Ready-to-use MD5 implementations are available in C, C++, JavaScript, PERL, ActiveX, and Delphi. The Difficulty of a Brute Force Attack Against MD5 The difficulty of creating two Read More

A bug detector is a device that is able to locate and/or disable electronic spy equipment such as microphones, cameras, and GPS tracking devices. Law enforcement agencies, military counter-intelligence agencies, criminals, and everyday individuals who are suspicious of being overheard often use bug detectors. Bug detectors are usually small, portable, and have multiple display functions to alert the user to a “bug.” How Bug Detectors Work A bug detector is essentially a radio receiver that is able to pick up electromagnetic signals that are broadcasted from an electronic device or Read More

The Playstation Portable requires updates to ensure that the device continues to operate properly. Although you can continue to use the PSP with older versions of the software, having the newest one does make new games run more effectively. There are two ways to update PSP firmware:  directly through the PSP or through your computer. Advantages of Updating the PSP Firmware The PSP system will benefit from each update in the following ways: Security Patching – Security is very important to PSP users. Hackers can gain access to private information Read More

Yahoo Messenger is an instant messaging software, provided by Yahoo, which allows users to instantly communicate with each other via text-based messages, audio recordings, live audio feeds, and webcam feeds. Yahoo Messenger allows users to contact any of their Yahoo or Facebook friends, as well as import contacts from other email addresses, and can support conversations between multiple users simultaneously in live conferences.   How To Install Yahoo Messenger In order to install Yahoo Messenger, you will need to download the program from the Yahoo Messenger Official Homepage and run Read More

A remote control is an electronic device that is used to operate a machine remotely i.e. it is used to issue commands to control the machine and these commands are issued from a distance. A universal remote is a remote control that can be easily programmed so as to operate the various brands of one or more devices. Programming a universal remote is a complex task and it is usually performed by technically-sound people and once a universal remote has been programmed successfully, it can be easily used just like Read More

The Windows Media format is the native file format for audio files saved in the Windows Media Player. When an end-user imports music from a CD or other source into the player, the default setting on the target computer will save the file(s) in the WMA or Windows Media format. Not all MP-3 or portable music players are able to play WMA formatted music. As a result, a common task that arises for consumers is to convert windows media to MP3. Convert Windows Media to MP3 Using Windows Media Player Read More

What is VPN Software? VPN software refers to any program that assists the user in creating a Virtual Private Network or accesses a remote location. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a type of private connection that uses the Internet to securely transfer data from one computer to another. Generally, VPNs involve a server (main database) and the user's computer (client). VPN software facilitates the use of VPNs by providing the user with encryption, user verification, and other tools that make VPNs easier to manage. OpenVPN OpenVPN is a free, Read More

A computer commonly displays Windows Update error 80072ee7 when checking for Operating System (OS) updates or while trying to update Windows Live Messenger. This error is commonly displayed during the OS update because a static IP address for the Windows Update service is added to the computer’s Hosts file that needs to be changed or removed for the service to be operational again. Some third-party programs and add-on applications that add static address entries to the file cause this problem. This can prevent the computer from connecting to the appropriate Read More

The possibilities which may arise during deleting a node from a binary tree are as follows: Node is a terminal node: In this case, if the node is a left child of its parent, then the left pointer of its parent is set to NULL. Otherwise if the node is a right child of its parent, then the right pointer of its parent is set to NULL Node has only one child: In this case, the appropriate pointer of its parent is set to child node. Node has two children: Read More